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不同种类干细胞巢的有序分布构成中医经络系统
张建新
张建新，男，1971年生，江苏省兴化市，汉族，1990年南通纺织工业学校毕业，学士，主要从事粒子物理学、细胞遗传学方面的理论研究。
摘要
目的：从中医经络学说方向探讨被认为是绝大部分组织再生的本源组织特异性干细胞与中医经络系统的联系。
方法：参阅《黄帝内经》、《难经》、《奇经八脉考》等中医经典理论著作及现代经络理论著作，从中医经络学说方向揭示干细胞巢在组织中的分布规律，用实验动物验证中医经络学说。
结果：不同种类干细胞巢的有序分布构成中医经络系统：①唯有不同种类的成体干细胞等所在的干细胞巢，才具有高度统一的、高度稳定性的细胞团结构，也就是说干细胞自我增殖形成的细胞团结构是相同相似的。②治本时所需的较长时间与成体干细胞自我复制及其产生健康的各级分化细胞所需的较长时间是一致的。③《黄帝内经》中经脉、络脉的分类即是成体干细胞巢的分类。人体成体干细胞分化产生3个等级的定向干细胞。国外众多的研究报告称少数的癌症干细胞才是肿瘤的来源，大多数的癌细胞并不能生长成为新的肿瘤。④胚胎发育的早期，干细胞与祖细胞彼此协同地增殖分化，不存在3个等级的定向干细胞，不存在普适统一的干细胞巢结构。此后，干细胞巢中的成体干细胞成为组织再生的本源，经络系统中有规律性迁移的细胞主要是定向干细胞，其次为成体干细胞，其中，易变异成为癌细胞的定向干细胞为最少。⑤针灸必然会破坏乃至驱散干细胞巢，但诸细胞组分将重新形成新的干细胞巢，其中的成体干细胞一般会出现超补偿性自我增殖，分化产生更多的健康的定向干细胞，后者分化产生更多的健康的分化细胞，使得相应组织的结构与功能恢复至良性状态。
结论：经络学说深刻地揭示了干细胞巢是一个复杂开放的微系统，即外来的定向干细胞和成体干细胞的种类不是固定不变的，不是局域性的，而是既有基本稳定不变的静态成分，又有复杂可变的动态成分，是整体性的，并且两者在物种进化史上是可以相互转化的。
主题词：干细胞/细胞学;经络实质; 经脉; 穴, 输(五输);中医基础理论研究；经络现象；针刺疗法；整体观
中图文分类号：R394.2 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1671-5926（2006）21-0189-04张建新.不同种类干细胞巢的有序分布构成中医经络系统[J].中国临床康复，2006，10(21):189--92 [www.zglckf.com]
(Edited by Zhou YL / Song LP/ Wang L)
引言:1998年以来，人们在几乎所有组织中都发现了存在组织特异性干细胞，它们被认为是绝大部分组织再生的本源。令人惊讶的是，中医学的奠基之作《黄帝内经》指出人体内存在经络系统，称之为“决死生”、“处百病”的“灵枢”，即是灵验的“中枢”与“本源”。无独有偶，古代印度瑜珈理论如Raja Yoga、Kundalini Yoga中的气脉学说，揭示的是与经络系统相同的系统，称之为“Kundalini”的“源泉”。腧穴是经络系统的基本结构单位，一般标记为点状，彼此离散地分布在组织深部的特定位置上，存在紧密联系的腧穴群构成经脉与络脉。本文认为，腧穴就是干细胞巢群落，或者是单个的干细胞巢，《黄帝内经》中的经脉、络脉即是不同种类干细胞巢的有序分布[1-2]。
1 中医经络学说揭示了干细胞巢在组织中的分布规律
中国明代杰出的医药学家李时珍的《奇经八脉考》曰：“内景隧道，唯返观者能照察之”。中国儒家、道家与印度瑜珈修行者等发现，人体不同组织中的腧穴均为圆形结构，彼此离散地分布。唯有不同种类的成体干细胞等所在的干细胞巢，才具有高度统一的、高度稳定性的细胞团结构，也就是说干细胞自我增殖形成的细胞团结构是相同相似的。
中国金代杰出的医学家张元素总结的药物归经学说指出，中草药在较短时间内改善组织器官的功能状态，这是治标；中草药作用于组织器官中的腧穴群，在较长时间内改善组织器官的结构与功能状态，祛除疾病的根源，这是治本。易见，治本时所需的较长时间与成体干细胞自我复制及其产生健康的各级分化细胞所需的较长时间是一致的。
《黄帝内经》中经脉、络脉的分类即是成体干细胞巢的分类[1-2]。人体成体干细胞划分为4×2×8×7×7种即3136种：4为四大基本组织即神经组织、肌肉组织、上皮组织和结缔组织，2为组织器官的左右对称性，8为八类细胞(进化产生的“先→后”顺序为第八→第七→……→第一)，7为七个层次，7为从低等级到高等级金字塔式累积叠加的七个进化等级（昆虫类等只拥有第一等级，鱼类拥有两个等级、两栖类拥有三个等级、爬行类拥有四个等级，鸟类拥有五个等级，哺乳类的后兽亚纲拥有六个等级，哺乳类的真兽亚纲拥有全部的七个等级）。表中给出的初步方案，阴阳五行的安排是否还存在着次序的颠倒，有待进一步地补充完善、证明或证伪。
2用实验动物验证中医经络学说
二十世纪80年代，祝总骧教授用三种生物物理学方法[3]，测出了人体十四正经通过十二
皮部的络脉影射在皮肤上的循行线——宽度仅为1毫米，与中国宋代王惟一的针灸经络铜人模型惊人地一致。运用同样的方法也测出了大白兔等实验动物具有相似的经脉循行线，证明了经络系统的存在具有普遍性。孟竞璧教授利用法国学者建立的同位素锝（99mTc）穴位注射方法，初步给出了部分经脉循行线的三维定位[4]。
兼用两法时，必须注意区分十二正经的纤维细胞(阴经)和平滑肌细胞（阳经）的腧穴群、十二经别的骨骼肌细胞等的腧穴群，以及十二经水、十二经筋和十二皮部的腧穴群等。
《黄帝内经》与《难经》中描述的穴位一般为重大的穴位，实质是依一定空间分布排列组合而成的腧穴群，这些腧穴中相对独立地存在着特定种类的成体干细胞。人与高等哺乳类动物的奇经八脉如任脉、督脉与冲脉的重大穴位分布具有更多的相似性，十二正经的重大穴位分布则在四肢关节处具有明显的相似性。
实验寻找干细胞巢群落时，应优先在数条经脉、络脉的汇聚点即重大的穴位处寻找。实验寻找特定种类的干细胞巢时，应优先在远离相关重大穴位的特定脉路上寻找。
众所周知，表面抗原、生长因子等特定的蛋白作为标志分子，能够鉴定和分离胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。笔者建议，甾体激素受体可以作为标志分子，因为它们是干细胞自我增殖机制的主要参与者，而表面抗原是干细胞程序性凋亡机制的主要参与者。
3 中医经络学说揭示了干细胞巢是一个复杂开放的微系统
人体成体干细胞分化产生三个等级的定向干细胞。定向干细胞能够支持其他种类成体干细胞，是构成干细胞巢的主要细胞成分，因程序性细胞凋亡而自我增殖，一般不能继续分化。例如小鼠的胰腺b-细胞即是第一种定向干细胞，国外有研究报告称它们来自于自我增殖。
正常情况下，定向干细胞能够进一步转化为过渡放大细胞（transit amplifying cell）等，后者不是维持自我增殖，而是继续分化产生众多的分化细胞，成为构成组织的主体。特殊情况下，一些处于特定进化阶段的定向干细胞变异为既能维持自我增殖，又能继续分化的癌症干细胞。国外众多的研究报告称少数的癌症干细胞才是肿瘤的来源，大多数的癌细胞并不能生长成为新的肿瘤。
胚胎发育的早期，干细胞与祖细胞彼此协同地增殖分化，不存在三个等级的定向干细胞，不存在普适统一的干细胞巢结构。干细胞群呈松散状态分布在组织的特定位置上，部分干细胞呈游离态在原始的经络系统中有规律性地迁移。
胚胎发育至一定阶段，不同种类的干细胞纷纷地分化产生定向干细胞，后者在经络系统中频繁地迁移聚集，将原先呈松散状态的干细胞群包裹起来形成干细胞巢。
此后，干细胞巢中的成体干细胞成为组织再生的本源，经络系统中有规律性迁移的细胞主要是定向干细胞，其次为成体干细胞，其中，易变异成为癌细胞的定向干细胞为最少。
正常情况下，成体干细胞代替其易变异成为癌细胞的定向干细胞参与其他干细胞巢的构建，最大限度地避免它们发生变异。反之，发生变异的定向干细胞只有迁回自身干细胞巢中
才能存活与增殖，重要的是必须伴随有特定种类的成体干细胞的“长期侵入”，后者越来越有效地抑制正常细胞的产生，逐渐使变异者发展成为癌症干细胞。众所周知，癌转移是有规律性的。中晚期的癌症干细胞频繁地在部分经脉、络脉中向其成体干细胞或正常细胞参与构建的干细胞巢迁移，少数能够潜伏下来，乃至生长成为新的肿瘤。
中医理论认为：经络系统内属脏腑，外络肢节，沟通内外，贯串上下，将人体各部的组织器官联系成为一个有机的整体；并藉以运行“经气”等，使人体各部的功能活动得以协调和相对平衡。经气在人体中具有非常重要的作用，关系着人体所有组织器官机能的旺盛与衰退。腧穴的重要性在于该区域经气聚集比较深厚，针灸（古代采用加热法）手足四肢等处的腧穴可以驱动经气，影响有关的脏腑，腧穴好象是个从外达里，也可从里透外的门户。“痛则不通，通则不痛”与“以痛者为腧”等深刻地表明了经气在经络中运行的重要性。
“经气”泛指定向干细胞、过渡放大细胞（transit amplifying cell）和成体干细胞及其产生的为数众多的secreted factor等。针灸利用了干细胞增殖系统具有自稳定性（self-maintenance），后者是干细胞的基本特征之一。针灸必然会破坏乃至驱散干细胞巢，但诸细胞组分将重新形成新的干细胞巢，其中的成体干细胞一般会出现超补偿性自我增殖，分化产生更多的健康的定向干细胞，后者分化产生更多的健康的分化细胞，使得相应组织的结构与功能恢复至良性状态。重要的是，由于经气在经脉、络脉中的运行，针灸少数腧穴将使得众多的腧穴连锁地发生一系列的变化。
经络学说深刻地揭示了干细胞巢是一个复杂开放的微系统，即外来的定向干细胞和成体干细胞的种类不是固定不变的，不是局域性的，而是既有基本稳定不变的静态成分，又有复杂可变的动态成分，是整体性的，并且两者在物种进化史上是可以相互转化的。
参考文献
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http://www.zglckf.com/ejournal/Upfiles/2006-07/07K-189(ps).pdf
Stem cells and congenital essence of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine
Zhang Jin（Basic Medical College,Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510405,Guangdong Province,China） Xu Zhi-wei（Basic Medical College,Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510405,Guangdong Province,China） Chen Qun（Basic Medical College,Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510405,Guangdong Province,China） Ding Fu-ping（Nursing College,Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510405,Guangdong Province,China）
Abstract：BACKGROUND: To discuss the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) related to stem cell for a try to offer a new combining site +for the modernization research of the basic theory of TCM.METHODS: Comparatively analyzing the characteristic of stem cells and the essence theory in TCM.RESULTS: Stem cells have the capacity for both self-renewal and differentiation and can produce the daughter cells with the same phenotype and genotype as themselves. Stem cells have the plasticity that a stem cell may differentiate into cells other than the lineages to which it is committed, and therefore, is also termed transdifferentiation. So it is of great value for stem cell application in tissue engineering, curing tissue-damaged diseases and as the vector for transgene therapy. We compared the character of stem cells with essence theory, an elementary and important part of the basic theory of TCM, and found that stem cells are related greatly to essence,according to its two origin, congenital essence and acquired essence, and four kinds of functions of essence, which are controlling reproduction,controlling growth and development, manufacturing marrow and transforming blood; nourishing and moistening the zangfu-organs. Furthermore, stem cells especially have direct connected with the congenital essence which is stored in the kidneys. Congenital essence is the reproductive essence accepted from parents. Sperm and ovum merge to be oosperm, that is just the totipotent stem cell. The connotative meanings of congenital essence include all germ plasm and the special developing message of a genus in the oosperm. Genital stem cells are in charge of the function of controlling reproduction of congenital essence. Growth and development function is related to the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells controlled by gene. Manufacturing marrow function has relation with bone marrow stem cells and neural stem cells (NSC) in medullary cavity in which contains bone marrow, spinal cord and brain. Dominating bones function of the kidneys is related to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) execute the function of producing blood completely.CONCLUSION: We consider that stem cells have a close relation with the congenital essence, and we put forward a new viewpoint in this research that stem cells have the same properties of congenital essence, and they are existence formation of congenital essence in cell level.
Zhang Jin,Master,Lecturer,Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510405,Guangdong Province,China
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China Basic Science 2005 No 3
Anatomical Basic of Traditional Chinese Medical Channels Yuan Lin,Jiao Peifeng,Tang Lei,et al < artly contents> <DF file> (44)
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The Substance of the Meridians and Collaterals:A Theory on the Stem Cell Nervo Endocrine Immune System Shen Jin<artly contents> <PDF file> (22)
I hope my ideas may interest some researchers.
— Gaoli.Jianxin
Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research June 10 2006 Vol. 10 No.21
http://www.zglckf.com/ejournal/upfiles/2006-21/21k-189(ps).pdf(EMBASE)
System of channels and collaterals constituted by different kinds of stem cell niche in ordinal distribution
Zhang Jian-xin
Zhang Jian-xin, born in 1971, Xinghua City, bachelorship, engaged in the theoretical research on physics and cell genetics
Received: 2005-03-17 Accepted: 2006 -03-07(05-17-3-6058/SN)
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation of tissue specific stem cells regarded as original source of regeneration for an absolute majority of tissues and the system of channels and collaterals.
METHODS: Referring to traditional classic theoretic works Yellow Emperor';s Internal Classic, Yellow Emperor';s Eighty-one Difficult Classic, An Examination of the Eight Extra Meridians and modern theoretic works about channels and collaterals, we revealed the distributional law of stem cell niche in the tissue according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and verified the TCM theory of channels and collaterals by animal experiment.
RESULTS: TCM system of channels and collaterals was constituted by different kinds of stem cell niche in ordinal distribution: Only the stem-cell niche, where different types of adult stem cell were found, has a highly unified and stabilized structure of cell aggregation; In other words, the structures of the cell aggregations formed through self-proliferation of stem cells are similar or identical. The time for the treatment of the origin of disease is the same longer as the time for the self-duplication of the adult stem cells and their generation of healthy cells through differentiation at different levels. The classification of channels and collaterals in the Yellow Emperor';s Internal Classic corresponds to that of the adult stem cells. The adult stem cells generate three grades of committed stem cells through differentiation. Many researchers abroad reported that only a few cancer stem cells were the source of cancer, whereas many cancer cells could not grow into new cancer. At the initial stage of embryo growth, stem cells and the progenitor cell proliferate and differentiate in coordination and there do not exist the three grades of committed stem cells, nor does the universally unified structure of stem cell niche. Afterwards, the adult stem cells in the stem cell niches become the original source of the tissue regeneration. The cells that regularly migrate in the system of channels and collaterals are mainly committed stem cells, adult stem cells are the next and the committed stem cells that may easily become cancer cells through variation are the least. Acupuncture will inevitably damage and even dismiss the stem cell niches but those cell components will reform new stem cell niches. And adult stem cells in the new niches may normally show self-proliferation in an ultra-complimentary way to generate more healthy committed stem cells through differentiation and the latter will generate more healthy differential cells through differentiation so as to make the corresponding tissue structure and function recovered to the benign state.
CONCLUSION: The theory of channels and collaterals has profoundly revealed that the stem cell niche is a complex and open micro system; that is, the types of exotic committed stem cells and adult stem cells are not stable. It has both the static quality of being stable without change and the dynamic state of being complex and changeable. And, in the evolutionary history of species, both can be inverted.
Zhang JX system of channels and collaterals constituted by diffident kinds of stem cell niche in ordinal distribution.Zhongguo Linchuang KuangFu 2006;10(21):189-- 92(China) [www.zglckf.com]
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置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
显身卡